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Call of Duty is a first-person shooter military video game series and media franchise published by Activision, starting in 2003. The games were first developed by Infinity Ward, then by Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games. Several spin-off and handheld games were made by other developers. The most recent, Call of Duty: Black Ops 6, was released on October 25, 2024.[1] The upcoming title, Call of Duty: Black Ops 7, is scheduled to be released in 2025.
As of October 2023[update], Call of Duty has sold over 500 million copies and has 100 million monthly active players across all platforms.[2][3] The franchise generated $30 billion in revenue by 2022.[4] The series is verified by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling first-person shooter game series. It is also the most successful video game franchise created in the United States and the third best-selling video game franchise of all time. Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega Bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book miniseries published by WildStorm Productions, and a feature film in development.
Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game based on id Tech 3, and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II.[5] An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Studios with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector’s Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC.[6] Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve’s content delivery platform Steam.[7]
Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game and the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army, and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005, for Windows, November 15, 2005, for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006, for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.
Call of Duty 3 is a first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch, and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward. It was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360.[8]
Call of Duty: WWII is the fourteenth game in the series and was developed by Sledgehammer Games.[9] It was released worldwide on November 3, 2017, for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[10] The game is set in the European theatre, and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division, following their battles on the Western Front, and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord.
Call of Duty: Vanguard is the eighteenth game in the series and is developed by Sledgehammer Games, with Treyarch developing the game’s Zombies mode. It was released on November 5, 2021, for PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. The story depicts the birth of special forces to face an emerging threat at the end of the war during various theaters of World War II.
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is the fourth installment of the main series and was the first game in the Modern Warfare timeline. Developed by Infinity Ward, it is the first game in the series not to be set during World War II. The game was released for Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has sold over 13 million copies.[11]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a remastered version of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC.[12] It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC.[13] The game was developed by Raven Software and executive produced by Infinity Ward.[14][15]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is the sixth installment of the main series, and the second game in the Modern Warfare timeline. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision.[16][17] Activision Blizzard announced Modern Warfare 2 on February 11, 2009.[18][19] The game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Windows.[16] A Nintendo DS iteration of the game, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized, was released alongside the game and the Wii port of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare.[20][21] Modern Warfare 2 is the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 and continues the same storyline, taking place five years after the first game and featuring several returning characters including Captain Price and “Soap” MacTavish.[22]
A visually updated version of the original, it was released for PlayStation 4 on March 31, 2020, and for Xbox One and Windows on April 30, 2020. It only includes the campaign mode with no multiplayer and Spec Ops components. When purchased, players can unlock various cosmetic items in 2019’s Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and 2020’s Call of Duty: Warzone.
The game continues the story from the point at which it ended in the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and continues the fictional battle story between the United States and Russia, which evolves into the Third World War between NATO allied nations and ultra-nationalist Russia.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is the sixteenth entry in the Call of Duty series and is also a reboot of the Modern Warfare sub-series. The story has been described to be darker and more realistic than previous Call of Duty games. It is set in the Black Ops timeline,[26] separate from the other Modern Warfare games (however, characters such as Captain Price and other fan favorites from the series make a return). The game was officially revealed on May 30, 2019, and released on October 25, 2019.
The second main battle royale installment in the Call of Duty franchise, titled Call of Duty: Warzone, was released in March 2020, as a part of the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video game but does not require purchase of it.[27] The title exceeded 50 million players in the first month after release.[28]
Activision confirmed a sequel to the 2019 Modern Warfare game on February 11, 2022, to be developed by Infinity Ward.[29] The game’s logo and title was revealed on April 28, 2022.[30] During Activision’s ‘Call of Duty NEXT’ broadcast on September 15, 2022, the game’s multiplayer was fully revealed, along with details on the next version of Warzone and a mobile version of Warzone, both set to launch slightly after Modern Warfare II’s launch.[31][32]
Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series. Released after Modern Warfare, it returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles,[34] featuring the Pacific theater and Eastern front. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4 and was released for the PC, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008, in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies.[35] It acts as a prologue for Treyarch’s next game, Black Ops, which is in the same universe, sharing characters and story references.[36][37]
Call of Duty: Black Ops is the seventh installment in the series,[38][39][40] the third developed by Treyarch and was published by Activision for release on November 9, 2010. It is the first game in the series to take place during the Cold War and also takes place partially in the Vietnam War. It was initially available for Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 and was later released for the Wii as well as the Nintendo DS.[41]
Call of Duty: Black Ops II is the ninth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was revealed on May 1, 2012.[42][43] It was the first game in the series to feature future warfare technology, and the campaign features multiple branching storylines driven by player choice and multiple endings. It was later released on November 13, 2012.
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 is the fifteenth main installment in the series. It was developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on October 12, 2018.[45] It was the first featured Call of Duty game to forgo a single-player campaign game mode, focusing only on the multiplayer aspect of the game. The game also introduced an entirely new battle royale game mode, called Blackout, in addition to multiplayer and zombies co-op mode.[46] cc7c31b456
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The Pielke research group focuses on land-atmosphere interactions on the local, mesoscale, regional, and global scales. These interactions include biophysical, biogeochemical, and biogeographic effects. The RAMS model is a major tool used in this research. RAMS has been coupled to two different ecosystem-dynamics models (CENTURY and GEMTM) as part of these studies. Also applied is the CCM3 atmospheric global model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. Our studies range from the tropics into the high Arctic regions. Our group has also applied RAMS to atmospheric-ocean interactions, including Arctic sea-ice feedbacks. We have investigated these nonlinear interactions within the Earth’s climate system using the coupled RAMS model, as well as simplified nonlinear mathematical models.
October 6, 2008 The Citizen’s Guide to Colorado Climate Change Foundation Report is now available online. View the full report! or the article by Pielke Sr., R.A., 2008: Global climate models – Many contributing influences. Citizen’s Guide to Colorado Climate Change, Colorado Climate Foundation for Water Education, pp. 28-29.
February 18, 2008 As a follow up to the August 2007 NSF sponsored workshop on Detecting the Atmospheric Response to the Changing Face of the Earth: A Focus on Human-Caused Regional Climate Forcings, Land-Cover/Land-Use Change, and Data Monitoring held in Boulder, Colorado, two journal special issues are being planned. The first special issue generally dealing with papers under the climate theme will be through the International Journal of Climatology. The second special issue dealing with mesoscale, boundary layer processes will be through Boundary-Layer Meteorology. The timeline for submitting the papers is expected to be finalized shortly. The call for submitting original papers is open to the larger community and not restricted to those who participated in the August Workshop. Authors interested in submitting a paper to either of these special issues can contact Dev Niyogi at for additional information. IJOC website; Journal Website
December 10, 2007 Beyond Global Warming NOTED CLIMATE SCIENTIST ROGER PIELKE SR. REJECTS THE NOTION THAT ELEVATED CO2 LEVELS ARE THE SOLE CULPRITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE View PDF
November 27, 2007 Climate Science Is Relaunching As An Information Source! As a result of very positive encouragement from many Climate Science Weblog readers, Dr. Roger Pielke Sr. has decided to relaunch the website, but with a slightly different format. Read about it at the above link.
Read the paper: Marshall, C.H., R.A. Pielke Sr., and L.T. Steyaert, 2004: Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida? Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2243-2258. (PDF)
July 25, 2002Roger Pielke Sr.’s testimony before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations’ hearing “The U.S. National Climate Change Assessment: Do the Climate Models Project a Useful Picture of Regional Climate?” (audio)
R-67 Pielke, R.A., R.W. Arritt, R.T. McNider, M. Segal, C-H. Yu, and W. Physick, 1986: Screening estimation of maximum 24-hour average pollution concentrations in mountain valleys during synoptic stagnation. 1986 Conference on Science in the National Parks. AWRA Symposium Proceedings.
R-353 Niyogi, D., A.P. Dimri, R.A. Pielke Sr., 2011: Improving model projections and vulnerability assessments by adapting land surface feedback within regional climate studies over the Western Himalayas. Author’s Workshop for the Report on Climate Change in the HKH – State of Current Knowledge. 18 -19 Aug 2011, ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.
R-389 Nicholls, M.E., R.A. Pielke Sr., D. Wheeler, G. Carrio, and W.P. Smith, 2018: A numerical modeling investigation of the role of diabatic heating and cooling in the development of a mid-level vortex prior to tropical cyclogenesis. Part I: The response to stratiform components of diabatic forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. -2018-316
PLEASE NOTE: The documents contained in these directories are included by the contributing authors as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work on a noncommercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright the copyright holder.
PPR-9 Snow, J.W., M. Garstang, R.A. Pielke, and H. Cooper, 1978: The wind potential of the coastal zone. Proceedings of the Third U.S. National Conference on Wind Engineering Research, Division of Continuing Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, February, 23 pg.
PPR-13 McNider, R.T., R.A. Pielke, and J.M. Simpson, 1979: Investigation of the spatial and temporal variation of cloud condensation nuclei over south Florida using a numerical model. Seventh AMS Conference on Inadvertent and Planned Weather Modification, October 8-12, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
PPR-14 McNider, R.T. and R.A. Pielke, 1980: Modeling the transport and diffusion of air pollutants using a prognostic mesoscale model. Institute National de Recherche, Chimique Applique, B.P. No. 1, 91710, Vert-le-Petit, France, Fourteenth International Symposium on Atmospheric Pollution, May.
PPR-16 Segal, M., Y. Mahrer, R.A. Pielke, and D.S. McDougal, 1980: Quantitative assessment of air quality in the greater Chesapeake Bay area using a three-dimensional mesoscale atmospheric model. Proceedings of the Symposium on Intermediate Range Atmospheric Transport Processes and Technology Assessment, October 1-3, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 105-115.
PPR-17 McNider, R.T. and R.A. Pielke, 1980: Nocturnal jet development over sloping terrain and implications for pollutant transport. Proceedings of the Symposium on Intermediate Range Atmospheric Transport Processes and Technology Assessment, October 1-3, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 247-255.
Moran, M.D., R.W. Arritt, M. Segal, and R.A. Pielke, 1986: Modification of regional-scale pollutant dispersion by terrain- forced mesoscale circulations. APCA Specialty Conference on the Meteorology of Acidic Deposition, March 17-20, 1986, Albany, New York.
PPR-35 Lyons, W.A., J.A. Schuh, R.A. Pielke, and M.Segal, 1986: Forecasting sea breeze thunderstorms at the Kennedy Space Center using the prognostic three-dimensional mesoscale model. Eleventh Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis, June 1986, Kansas City, Missouri.
PPR-55 Lyons, W.A., D.A. Moon, C.S. Keen, J.A. Schuh, R.A. Pielke, W.R. Cotton, and R.W. Arritt, 1988: Short range forecasting of sea breeze convective storms at the Kennedy Space Center: Applications of remote sensing and mesoscale numerical models. Preprints of the 4th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology. February 1-5, 1988, AMS, Anaheim, California, 268-275.
PPR-57 Pielke, R.A., 1988: Description of the synoptic mesoscale and local meteorological factors associated with the buildup of air pollution. Proceedings of The Brown Cloud Forum, University of Denver Atmospheric Sciences Center Technical Paper 1988-1 in cooperation with U.S. Senator Bill Armstrong. February 8, 1988, Denver, Colorado, 169-192.
PPR-65 Avissar, R. and R.A. Pielke, 1989: The impact of plant stomatal control on mesoscale atmospheric circulations. Proceedings of the Workshop on Stomatal Resistance Formulation and Its Application to Modeling of Transpiration, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, April 10-13, 1989, 47-54.
PPR-71 Pielke, R.A., 1990: Overlooked scientific issues in assessing hypothesized greenhouse gas warming. Proceedings, 1990 Electric Utility Business Environment Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado. March 7-9, 1990, 199-208. Also appeared in The Greenhouse Debate Continued: An Analysis and Critique of the IPCC Climate Assessment, S. Fred Singer, Editor, Attachment 10.
PPR-80 Uliasz, M. and R.A. Pielke, 1991: Application of the receptor oriented approach in mesoscale dispersion modeling. In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VII, H. Van Dop and D.G. Steyn, Eds., Plenum Press, New York and London, 399-408.
PPR-90 Lincoln, N.R., M.T. Johnson, C. Carlson, W.A. Lyons, D.A. Moon, C.S. Keen, R.A. Pielke, and W.R. Cotton, 1991: Visualizations of forecasts and simulations produced by a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model (The Advanced Regional Atmospheric Modeling System). Preprints, Seventh International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing System for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, AMS, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 13-18, 1991.
PPR-109 Lyons, W.A., R.A. Pielke, J.L. Eastman, and C.J. Tremback, 1991: Applications of a nested grid mesoscale model to understanding the impacts of mesoscale flow discontinuities upon regional air pollution dispersion. Proceedings, Ninth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Denver, Colorado, October 14-18, 1991.
PPR-110 Lyons, W.A., C.S. Keen, R.A. Pielke, W.R. Cotton, C.J. Tremback, R.L. Walko, N.R. Lincoln, and D.A. Moon, 1991: The impact of wind discontinuities and associated zones of strong vertical motions upon the mesoscale dispersion of toxic airborne contaminants on coastal zones. 1991 JANNAF Safety and Environmental Protection Subcommittee, NASA/Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, July 22-26, 1991.
PPR-152 Moran, M.D. and R.A. Pielke, 1994: Delayed shear enhancement in mesoscale atmospheric dispersion. Proceedings, 8th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Air and Waste Management Association and American Meteorological Society, Nashville, Tennessee, 23-28 January 1994.
PPR-157 Lyons, W.A., C.J. Tremback, R.L. Walko, R.A. Pielke, and W.R. Cotton, 1994: Design of an operational forecasting system for localized and sea breeze thunderstorms at the Kennedy Space Center. Proceedings, 8th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Air and Waste Management Association and American Meteorological Society, Nashville, Tennessee, 23-28 January 1994.
